Abounding in rainforest worldwide, Phyllanthus niruri is called Chanca Piedra, 'stone breaker' or 'shatter stone' in the Amazon. It has been called Stone Breaker because it has used for generations by the indigenous peoples of the Amazon as an effective remedy to eliminate gallstones and kidney stones and for other kidney problems. The plant is employed for numerous other conditions including blennorrhagia, colic, diabetes, dysentery, fever, flu, tumors, jaundice, vaginitis, and dyspepsia. It is of little wonder that Chanca Piedra is used for so many things since the plant has proven antihepatotoxic, antispasmodic, antiviral, antibacterial, diuretic, febrifugal and hypoglycemic activities. It is also considered anodyne, apertif, carminative, digestive, emmenagogue, laxative, stomachic, tonic and vermifuge based on its long documented history of uses. Chanca Piedra is still widely used in herbal medicine in South America, remaining the most popular remedy for gallstones and kidney stones throughout the continent. In Peruvian herbal medicine, it is also used for hepatitis, urinary infections, and as a diuretic. In Brazilian herbal medicine it is called Quebra Pedra and is considered an excellent remedy to remove uric acid from the urine and to eliminate stones. It is also used in Brazil for hydropsy, urinary and bladder infections and blockages, liver ailments, painful joints, cystitis, prostate disorders, kidney disorders, hepatitis, diabetes and as a antispasmodic and muscle relaxant specific to the urinary tract system. Chanca Piedra, indigenous to India where it is called Pitirishi or Budhatri, is a common household remedy for asthma, bronchitis and to cure coughing, extreme thirst, anemia, jaundice and tuberculosis. Also indigenous to the Bahamas where it is called hurricane weed or gale-wind grass. It is used in local herbal medicine there for poor appetite, constipation, typhoid fever, flu and colds. Chanca Piedra has been the subject of much research to determine the active constituents and their pharmacological activities beginning in the mid-1960's. Indian and Brazilian research groups were the first to conduct these studies since the plant was indigenous to their areas with a long history of use by its inhabitants. In some of the published research, scientists make little or no distinction between P. niruri and P. amarus because of the very similar phytochemical make up of both plants. In fact, some references are found in which scientists believe that it is one species of plant with two botanical names, but of course there are botanists who would argue this point. Chanca piedra's traditional uses for kidney stones and gallstones have been validated by clinical research. In a 1999 clinical study (Campos, A.H., et.al.) a chanca piedra extract extract exhibited a potent and effective non-concentration-dependent inhibitory effect on the calcium oxalate crystal formation (the building blocks of most kidney stones). This response was present even at very high (pathologic) concentrations. This may explain why it has long been used in traditional medicine as a preventative to kidney stone formation. The antispasmodic activity of alkaloids in Chanca Piedra were documented by Brazilian researchers in the mid 1980's which explained the popular use of the plant for existing kidney and bladder stones. The alkaloid extract demonstrated smooth muscle relaxation specific to the urinary and biliary tract which the researchers surmised facilitates the expulsion of kidney or bladder calculi. Dr. Wolfram Wiemann of Nuremburg, Germany review over 100 case studies and found chanca piedra to be 94% successful in eleminating stones.(Maxwell, N. 1990) The antihepatotoxic (liver protecting) activity of Chanca Piedra was attributed to two compounds in the plant called phyllanthin, and hypophyllanthin in a 1985 study by Indian researchers. Glycosides found in Chanca Piedra demonstrated Aldose reductase (AR) inhibitory activity in studies conducted by a Japanese research group in 1988 and 1989. The analgesic activity of Chanca Piedra was demonstrated in 1994 and 1995 by another research group in Brazil. The diuretic, hypotensive and hypoglycemic effects of Chanca Piedra were documented in a 1995 human study which showed a significant diuretic effect, a significant reduction in systolic blood pressure in non-diabetic hypertensives and female subjects and blood glucose was also significantly reduced in diabetic patients taking Chanca Piedra for 10 days. Of particular note, Chanca Piedra gained world-wide attention in the late 1980's due to the plant's antiviral activity against Hepatitis B. Preliminary clinical trials with P. niruri on children with infective hepatitis using an Indian drug containing Phyllanthus niruri.